Oil burners



March 28, 1961 w. SANBORN OIL BURNERS 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed May 29,1956 r mw c mm L w WSW mi March 28, 1961 w. L. SANBORN 2,976,919

OIL BURNERS Filed May 29, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 SWlRLlNG AIR FROM muskBLADES INWAKD AIR INWARO AIR FROM OUTER Fgfgl lgg ER 5 LADES HEAVI ERon. STREAMS WEB OFSPRAYED OIL.

SWIRLING AIR FROM NNER IHWARDLY Swmums AIR ALONG NOZZLE FACE Inventor 25William L, Sonborn.

325 I +wwm pq-Horn e1! 5 United States Patent OIL BURNERS William L.Sanborn, Milwaukee, Wis., assignor to Bell & Gossett Company, acorporation of Illinois Filed May 29, 1956, Ser. No. 588,075

3 Claims. (Cl. 158-76) This invention relates to oil burners andparticularly to liquid atomization oil burners of the kind used in smalldomestic heating plants.

Liquid atomization is of course used in high pressure or gun-type wherehigh oil pressures, in excess of 100 a high proportion of the oilburners sold and used, theseobjectionable characteristics have been thesubject of widespread experimentation and study.

It is recognized that the major faults of such small capacity burnersare their inefliciency and noisiness, and the primary object of thepresent invention is to enable the efliciency of such burners to beincreased and the noise of such burners to be reduced. Thus, in almostall present day oil burners that have a fuel capacity of one gallon perhour, or less, the inefficiency is such that they rarely have a flametemperature as high as 2000 F., and they operate at a C reading that israrely over 7, and with stack temperatures of from 500 to 600 F. Suchburners all require fireboxes to maintain adequate flame propagation,and even with such fireboxes, difliculty is experienced in maintaining astable fire. Such small capacity burners also have required anappreciable natural draft, usually of a high order, and this hascontributed to the inefliciency of the burners. These low capacityburners also produce a high soot content in the flue gases so as to bedangerous and objectionable in this respect.

The foregoing performance factors of present day small capacity oilburners have, of course, influenced and increased the size and cost ofheaters or boilers, and have resulted in undue costs in installation,operation and upkeep of such oil burners and the related equipment. Itis, therefore, a more specific object of the present invention to enablelow capacity oil burners to operate at greatly increased flametemperatures, with low stack temperatures, low smoke or soot production,and with ahigh CO reading, and related objects are to accomplish this insuch a way that natural draft is not needed and in such a way thatefliciency is maintained even where there is appreciable back pressurein the combustion space, to eliminate the necessity for theusualfirebox, and through the attainment of high flame temperatures, toenable the area of heat transfer surfaces of such heaters to besubstantially reduced.

Other and further objects of the present invention will be apparent fromthe following description and claims,

' invention enables this flame F to be maintained in a substantiallyconstant size and location so that eflicient and 2, the presentinvention and the principles thereof, and what I now consider to be thebest mode inwhich I have contemplated applying these principles. Otherembodiments of the invention embodying the same or equivalent principlesmay be used and structural changes may be made as desired by thoseskilled in the art without departing from the invention.

' In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a horizontal plan view taken through the air tube and nozzlestructure of an oil burner embodying the features of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a rear elevational view of the air swirler;

Fig. 2A is a rear perspective view of the swirler;

Fig. 3 is afront elevational view of the air swirler as viewed from theright in Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged transverse sectional view of the air swirler andnozzle;

Fig. 5 is a transverse cross sectional view of the nozzle taken alongthe line of 55 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is a schematic cross sectional view showing the :nozzle andswirler and the form and relationship of the Fig. 8 is an enlarged crosssectional view of the nozzle and a portion of the swirler; and

Fig. 9 is an enlarged front elevational view of the nozzle and a portionof the inner part of the swirler.

For purposes of disclosure the invention is herein illustrated asembodied in an oil burner 20 having an air tube 21 the forward end ofwhich extends for a short distance through and beyond a wall 22 of thecombustion space 23 of a heater, and coaxially within the forward end ofthe air tube 21 an oil discharge or spray nozzle 25 and an air swirler28 are mounted so that fuel oil and air may be supplied to andefliciently intermixed and burned in the combustion space 23. The nozzle25 is supported and positioned within the end of the air tube 21 bymeans including the swirler 28 that is mounted on the nozzle 25 andwhich in turn engages a flanged positioning cap 21C that is fixed withinthe forward end of the air tube to locate the nozzle as well as theswirler 28 in the proper centered relationship with respect to the airtube.

mined pressure so that it is pressure atomized and thus discharged froma central discharge orifice 25D of the nozzle 25, and air is fed throughthe air tube 21 by any conventional means such as a blower and at a ratethat I may be adjustably determined by any conventional I conventionalform, the electrode 30E of which extends through the swirler unit 28 toa point adjacent an innermost portion of the swirler 28.

The present invention is concerned with the production of a stable, hightemperature, eflicient flame F and, as

will be described in greater detail hereinafter, the presentsubstantially noiseless combustion is attained.

The structural features and relationships that enable such efiicient andnoiseless combustion to be attained will be described in detailhereinafter, but as a preliminary to such specific description it maybestated that it is my present theory that these results are produced bycoordimating the air supply and fuel supply so that, with respect g tothe axis of the nozzle, the air supply and the oil supply areindividually-symmetrical,--and are symmetri- Fatented Mar. 28, 1961 kThe fuel oil is supplied to the nozzle under a predeterspect to thenozzle axis, andwith respect to each other, as-

sures uniformity or symmetry of'combustion and eliminates anytendencytoward lateral pulsation of the flame F. As a result of suchcontrol of the fuel and air, the combustion of the fuel is completedwhile the fuel is .within a relatively short distance of the airtube.21. and the flame F maintains a substantially constant position anda substantially constant form and size. Thus, as shown in- Fig. 6, theflame F has the form of a parabolic conoid that is symmetricallypositionedon the axis of the fuel nozzle 25 with the small end of theflame disposed at substantially one-quarter inch from the nozzle tip. Ina burner operating at about one gallon per hour the flame F has a lengthof about 4 inches and a maximum diameter of about 4 inches, and theflame burns without pulsation or noise.

Under the present invention the nozzle 25, the swirler 28 and the sparkplug 30 are assembled as a unit that may be readily mounted in orremoved from the air tube 21. In accomplishing this the nozzle 25 ismounted, by means including a union 32U, coaxially on the forward end ofa relatively small fuel supply pipe 32 and at its.

rear end the tube is bent at right angles as at 32B and has a threadednipple 32N thereon whereby the pipe 32 may be readily connected to theoil supply source through means such as a nipple extended through theair tube 2.1 or the enlarged air supply duct 21D that is connectedthereto.

The spark plug 39 has the usual ceramic body 30C and is supported infixed relation to the nozzle by means of a clamp 33 that is secured bymeans such as a screw 33S in a clamped relation to the pipe 32 and theceramic body 30C of the spark plug 30. This provides a unit that may beadjusted and then inserted endwise into the air tube 21, and in suchinsertion the outer and forward edges of the swirler engage the mountingring 21C to determine the endwise and lateral location of the nozzle 25,and then after the nipple 32N has been connected to the oil supply lineby means such as a conventional union fitting, the fuel and air supplyunit is accurately positioned in the air tube.

The nozzle 21 in most of its characteristics of conventionalconstruction and, as shown in Fig. 4, the nozzle comprises a tip 2ST inthe forward end of which the discharge opening 25D is formed. The rearend of the tip 2ST takes the form of a nipple to which the union 32U isconnected. Within the tip 25T a core 25C is positioned by meansincluding a securing nut 25N that is threaded axially into the rear endof the tip 2.5T. The nut 25N and the core 25C have connnecting passagestherethrough so that oil fed under pressure through the supply pipe 32passes into the forward end of the tip 2ST and into an annular spacethat is provided within the tip and about the core 250. At its forwardend the tip 251 is formed with a forwardly facing conical surface 1250that engages an internal conical surface 225C that is formed within thetip 2ST. The surface 125C of the core 25C is formed according toconventional practice with a plurality of slots 1258 that are sopositioned on the conical surface that oil passing through these slotsand toward the discharge opening 25D has a swirling motion impartedthereto about and with respect to the longitudinal axis of the nozzle.This relationship is best shown in Fig. 5 of the drawings, and thisrelation or positioning is wellknown in the art. Nozzles of this kindare provided with different numbers of slots 1258 and in the presentinstance the nozzle 25 has four-such slots.

Withthis numberofslotspthe fueloil that'is beingfed the blades.

under pressure through the nozzle has a swirling motion impartedthereto, and it is formed into four basic and relatively fine streams ofoil that leave the slots 125S and move with a spiral or swirling motionthrough the outlet or discharge opening 25D. As this fuel leaves thedischarge opening 25D it forms into a conical spray S that may bedescribed in general as constituting a thin layer of finely defined oilparticles shaped in the form of a cone that is centered on the axis ofthe nozzle 25. The internal angle of the cone that constitutes the sprayS varies according to known practices in accordance with the specificinternal design of the nozzle 25, and the nozzle herein shown is onethat produces what is called a spray as indicated in Fig. 6, but underthe present invention different spray angles may be used as, forexample, the 60 spray angle that has been indicated in Fig. 6.

As above pointed out, the spray S is made up in a general sense as athin layer of oil that defines a cone, but I have observed, and inaccordance with the present invention, have made advantageous use of thefact that within or as a part of this thin layer there are well definedconcentrations of fuel that take the form of streams SS as indicated onan exaggerated scale in Fig. 7. These streams SS correspond in numberand in circumferential location with the number and location of theslots 1255, and between the streams SS, the spray is defined by the thinlayer S as indicated in Fig. 7. As will become apparent from thefollowing description, the supply of air to the combustion space iscontrolled by the swirler 28 and the design of the swirler is correlatedwith the form of the spray, as above described, so that theproportioning of the air and fuel is maintained uniform throughout theentire circumference of the spray, and through this control, the presentinvention eliminates the usual tendency of the flame to burn unevenly ina lateral sense. This results in the attainment of what may be termedlateral stability of the flame, as will bedescribed hereinafter.

The swirler unit 28 embodies certain of the physical characteristics ofthe swirler shown in my prior Patent No. 2,485,244, but as will becomeapparent hereinafter, the swirler 28 includes additional cooperatingstructure and accomplishes additional functions that enable the desiredefliciency and operating characteristics to be attained in small oilburners. Thus, the swirler unit 28 is made up from two blade units whichconstitute an outer blade unit 128 and an inner blade unit 228. In thepresent instance these blade units are separately formed, and arethereafter assembled in a rigid relationship such that the inner bladeunit is mounted directly on the nozzle 25 and in turn serves to connectthe nozzle to the outer blade unit 128.

The two blade units 128 and 228 have certain similarities in form andconstruction in that both of the blade units are made from sheet metaland comprise segmental, fan-like blades that extend outwardly from aninner connecting and supporting band that is formed integrally with theblades in each instance. Thus, as applied to the outer blade unit 128,an inner annular band 128M has a plurality of segmental blades 128Bextended outwardly therefrom. These blades 128B are formed by cuttingand subsequently shaping the sheet metal to afford a generally fan-likestructure. The metal of the swirler unit 128 is thus slit along radiallines 35 inwardly to the outer border of the annular mounting band 128M,and then an arcuate slit 36 is extended for a short distance from theslit 35 in each instance along the outer border of the band 128M. Afterthese slits have been formed, the metal of the segment that liesradially outwardly of the arcuate slit 36 is, in each instance, bent ina forward direction to give the desired fan-like form to each of As willbe evident particularly in Fig. 4 of the drawings, the band 128M, inwhat may be termed the outerpontion thereof, liesin a plane while in aninner.

annular portion of the band, the metal is formed in, a forward directionto provide what amounts toa truncated air-directing cone as indicated atC in Figs. 4 and 8. As hereinabove pointed out, the band 128M serves toconnect the several blades 128B, and the band 128M including the conicalportion C serves also as an airdirecting means cooperating with theblades 128B, and as an air-directing means in cooperation not only withthe other or inner swirler 228, but also in cooperation with surfaces ofthe nozzle 25 as will be described.

The inner swirler 228 is quite similar in many respects to the outerswirler 128 in that an inner band 228M has a plurality of blades 228Bformed thereon and having their free edges bent forwardly to give afan-like form to the inner blade unit. In this instance, however, themounting band 228M is formed with the main portion thereof in a planeand with a cylindrical portion M formed thereon that is adapted to slipwith a tight friction fit over the outer cylindrical surface of thenozzle 25. The blades of both the inner and outer blade units arearranged to cause swirling of the air in the same rotative directionwhich corresponds also to the swirling direction of the nozzle 25.

The inner and outer swirler units are interconnected by welding theforward outer corners of the blades 228B to the rear face of the band128M. Thus when the mounting sleeve M of the inner swirler unit 228 isin position on the nozzle, the connection between these two units servesto support the units in a predetermined relationship to each other andin a predetermined axial relationship on the nozzle 25.

-As will be evident in Fig. 4 of the drawings, the endwise positioningof the swirler 28 on the nozzle is such that the forward or dischargeend of the cone C is'located substantially in the plane of the extremetip of the nozzle 25. With this arrangement the air passing for wardlythrough the tube 21 will, of course, pass through both of the swirlingunits 128 and 228 and because of the fan-like form of the blades thereofthis air will be given a swirling motion and will also be given aninward component of movement because of the fact that air may move in agenerally inward radial direction through the slits 36.

The air that moves through the inner swirler unit 228 is directed in alarge extent forwardly toward therear surface of the band 128M and itsconical portion C so that such air is given an additional component ofinward movement which, under the present invention, causes the innerblade unit 228 to supply flame propagation air at the point where thefuel oil emerges from the nozzle 25. This swirling, inwardly moving airalso serves to cool the nozzle 25 and also to prevent accumulation andburning of oil on the nozzle as will be described.

In attaining this action the nozzle 25 and the air-directing cone C havean advantageous cooperation. Thus, the forward surface of the nozzle 25is formed as a conical wardly moving flame propagationair is that suchair must move with a swirling action along the surface 325. Suchswirling movement is, of course, imparted to the air by the action ofthe blades 228B of the inner swirler unit.

With the inner and outer swirler units related to the nozzle 25, asabove described, the desired flame propaga-' tion air is suppliedrelatively close to the nozzle 25, and by using a structure thatprovides such flame propagation air in relatively large volume, it isfound that the fuel starts to burn almost immediately after it isdischarged from the nozzle, thus to locate the flame quite close to theend of the nozzle. The air that emerges from the outer swirler unit, ofcourse, has a swirling moving and engages the sprayed fuel so as toprovide additional air for combustion while at the same time acting toconfine the flame within the envelope afforded by the advancing-swirlingbody of air.

An important characteristic of the present invention is t that the airis supplied to the fuel in a symmetrical relasurface 325 that, in thepresent instance, is arranged at an the air may move along thesurface ofthenozzle and directly toward the point where the oil emerges from thenozzle. The effectiveness of this air in keeping the nozzle 25 clean isdependent in a large measure upon the maintaining of such air in closecontact with the conical surface 325, and this is accomplished byaffording a special relationship between the conical surface 325 and thecone .C as will be evident in Fig. 4 of the drawings. As above pointedout, the present nozzle has its conical surface 325 formed at a 30.angle to a transverse plane, and the cone C is formed with a somewhatsmaller angle. Thus, in the form herein shown the surface of the cone Cis arranged at substantially 20 to the aforesaid plane and because ofthis relationship the inwardly moving air is directed more effectivelyagainst the surface 325. Another essential characteristic that must beattained in this intionship with respect to the fuel supply, and in thisrespect the aforesaid form of the spray, as hereinabove described, isimportant. Thus, I have found that where four slots 1258 are used in anozzle, the flame characteristics are vastly improved by utilizing aswirler construction in which the number of blades is equal to thenumber of slots employed in the nozzle multiplied by a whole number. Inthe present instance, where four slots 1258 are used in the nozzle, thedesired combustion characteristics are attained by using eight blades ineach of the units 128 and 228 of the swirler. These swirlers, however,may,

under the present invention, be formed for use with a four-' slot nozzleso as to have an even greater number of blades,

such as twelve blades each, or sixteen blades each. This same generaltheory may be applied to other nozzles having diiferent numbers'of slots1258. Through this arrangement and relationship, the air supply issymmetrical in a circumferential sense to the streams SS of the spray aswell as to the intermediate web-like portions of the spray, and in Fig.7 of the drawings this symmetrical relationship has been schematicallyillustrated.

In considering the symmetry of the air supply and the oil supply withrespect to each other and with respect to the nozzle axis, it isimportant to note that, in attaining thedesired swirling movements andinward movements of the air, the blades of the swirler act initially todivide the main air stream into a plurality of separate air streamswhich have been schematically indicated by arrows in Fig. 7, and furtherthat the nozzle 25 produces a spray that includes a conical web-likeportion with a number of discernable streams SS therein corresponding tothe number of nozzle slots 1258. Thus, in carrying out the basic conceptof the present invention, each stream SS (along with the related thinweb portions of the spray) is acted upon'in a like manner 'by one ofseveral like groups of relatedair streams, with the result that eachportion of the spray is subjected to like-forces and is supplied withlike amounts of air.

To consider the foregoing analysis more specifically as applied to theillustrated embodiment, each outer blade 128B may be considered asproducing or causing a circumferentially directed air stream 1 50Cpassing through the related slot 35 and an inwardly directed air streamR'that passes through the related slot 36, such inward air streams 150Rbeing subsequently directed generally forwardly by the outer surface ofthe cone C.

Similarly, the inner blades 228B each produce a circumferentiallydirected air stream 250C and an inward air stream 250R, both of whichnecessarily pass with a swirling action between the nozzle 25 and thecone C and along the conical surface 325 of the nozzle 25 into the verybase of the fuel spray.

In Fig. 7 the several streams of air that are produced by the eightblades 128B and the eight blades 228B are sprays and its four streams SSthat are produced by a.

four-slot fuel nozzle. Thus withthis particular relationship of thenumber of inner blades, outer blades, and nozzle slots, and with theslots and each of the sets of blades in a symmetrical or equidistantlyspaced relation about the nozzle axis, each of the four similar segmentsof the fuel spray is acted upon in a similar manner by the same numberand type of air streams. This result follows regardless of the rotativeor angular positioning of the swirler with respect to the slots 1258 ofthe nozzle, and the four similar segments of the fuel spray are thussubjected to like controlling conditions and to like combustionconditions so that lateral unbalance and lateral pulsation of the flameF are prevented.

With the nozzle and the swirler formed and related as thus described,the flame F maintains'a steady form and position so that the fire issubstantially free from objectionable noise and is highly eflicient inall respects. In actual use it has been found that in a small capacityheater the fuel feed rate, and the air supply rate, may be adjustablyvaried or modulated over a substantial range while maintaining theefficient and noiseless operation of the burner. In such operation, theflow of swirling air over the conical surface of the nozzle tip servesto keep the nozzle clean and cool, and the longitudinal stability of theflame F avoids contact of the flame with the nozzle and eliminatesbaking or clogging of the nozzle.

The flame propagation air that cools and cleans the nozzle is of courseintermixed with the fuel at substantially the apex of the fuel spray sothe combustion starts and is uniformly maintained at but a shortdistance from the nozzle, and as a result the burning of the fuel iscompleted within a relatively short travel of the fuel and while thefuel is well within the controlling range of the swirling envelope ofcombustion air that is derived from the outer unit of the swirler.

With the small capacity burner of the construction described, operatingat a fuel consumption rate of one gallon per hour of No. l or No. 2 oil,it has been found that flame temperatures of as high as 2700 F., stacktemperatures of as low as 250 F., may be readily and consistentlyattained with CO readings of 12 and 13% and with CO readings of zero.Such performance has been attained without natural draft and even in thepresence of appreciable back pressure, and in every instance the firehas been free from noise and the flame stable in a longitudinal as wellas a lateral sense.

The low nozzle temperature that is attained by the present invention isof particular value in that it avoids production of a clogged orvarnished nozzle so that the nozzle operates in a cool and cleancondition despite its proximity to the unusually hot flame that isproduced. Hence one of the most frequent causes of burner failure hasbeen overcome. This results in part from the longitudinal flamestability which prevents contact of the flame with the nozzle, in partfrom the continuous and symmetrical supply of flame propagation air atthe nozzle tip so that position pressure at this point prevents rearwardflow of heated gases past the nozzle, and from the continuous flow ofcooling air over the nozzle and the swirler blades which are located inthe airstream and act as cooling fins for the nozzle.

Thus, the present invention enables a medium pressure, liquidatomization burner to operate with extremely high efficiency and in atrouble free manner, and since the high oil pressures, that haveheretofore been considered necessaryfor etficiency, have beeneliminated, the characteristic oil burner roar has been substantiallyeliminated.

From the foregoing description it will be apparent that the presentinvention enables small capacity, medium pressure, oil burners tooperate without objectionable noise and at uniform and extremelyhighlevels of efliciency; and further, that the stability and effioiencythus attained simplifies and reduces the cost ofproduction,installation, operation and upkeep of small capacity oilfired heaters.

Thus while I have illustrated and described the invention in aparticular embodiment, it will be recognized in a liquid atomization oildischarge nozzle disposed coaxially of the tube for discharging oil in ahollow conical spray beyond the forward end of the nozzle, said nozzlehaving an axial discharge orifice and a truncated,

conical forward face terminating at its smaller end close to the axis ofsaid orifice, and a swirler unit through which air may pass andincluding a truncated cone member mounted in fixed position on saidnozzle within and in a coaxial relation to the forward end of said tubeand surrounding the forward portion of said nozzle at substantially themost forward portion thereof and having swirler blades extended from itsouter edge for directing the forwardly moving air from an outer annularzone of the tube with a swirling movement into and about the spray ofoil to provide combustion air, and said truncated cone membercooperating with the forward portions of said nozzle for directing theforwardly moving air from the innermost annular zone of said tube in aninward direction across and against the conical forward face of saidnozzle and toward the axis of the spray to supply flame propagation airat the nozzle tip and build up a point of pressure at said tip tomaintain the flame close to said tip and in a stable and minimizedburning zone. 2. In an oil supply and air control unit for use in guntype oil burners wherein air flows forwardly in a burner tube to acombustion chamber, a nozzle including an.

outer nozzle tip having an axial discharge orifice and an outer forwardface formed as a concentric, truncated conical surface the smaller endof which terminates close to the edge of said orifice, means formingpart of said nozzle and located within said tip for directing forwardlymoving oil with a swirling action toward said discharge orifice fordischarge from said orifice in a hollow conical spray including apredetermined number of oil streams of equal size and pressuredischarged as parts of the spray in uniformly diverging relation inuniformly spaced relation in a circumferential sense, a swirlerstationarily mounted on said nozzle and having an annular series ofradially disposed air directing blades arranged in uniformly spacedrelation in a circinnferential sense and past which air may flow fordirecting such air from an annular outerzone with a swirling actionagainst the diverginglysprayed oil, and an air directing member formedas a truncated cone with an included angle that is not less than.theincluded central angle of said truncated conical face of the ,nozzleand disposed about said outer forward face of said nozzle and formingpart of said swirler for directing air, from an annular zone inwardlyalong said conical surface toward the axis of said orifice, said seriesof blades being provided in a number that is a whole number multiple ofsaid predetermined number of streams of oil.

3. A swirler for, use with an oil burner of the gun type wherein airflows forwardly in a burner tube to a combustion chamber, said swirlerbeing adapted to be supported transversely in a burner tubeandcomprising aplurality of segmentalv symmetrically arrangedfan-likeblades connected to and projecting outwardly from an annularsupporting rimand operable to impart a swirling movement to forwardlymoving air in the tube and to direct part of such air in an inwarddirection forwardly of said rim, said annular vrimhaving its innerborder portion formed as a forwardly extending truncated cone in aposition to intercept the inwardly directed air, and said swirlerincluding an inner annular supporting ring adapted to be mounted on a.nozzle to support the swirler thereon within andin a transverse relationto such a burner tube and having a plurality of spaced members extendedoutwardly'from said inner ring and secured near their outer edges to-therear face of said rim, said cone being effec- 9 tive to direct forwardlymoving air in an inward direction toward the axis of the cone, and theforward face of said cone being effective to direct inwardly moving airin a somewhat forward direction as such inwardly moving air approachesthe central axis of the cone. 5 1

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 10E-weryd Dec. 23, 1941 Sanborn Oct. 18, 1949 Logan July 18, 1950 MurphySept. 9, 1952 Hirtz Apr. 14, 1953 Kienle Oct. 2, 1956 Young Aug. 20,1957 FOREIGN PATENTS Canada Jan. 22, 1952 France Jan. 8, 1947

